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Key Components in a Photovoltaic (PV) System

2025-09-30

PV Module Array: Composed of solar cell modules (also known as PV cell modules) connected in series or parallel according to system requirements. It converts solar energy into electrical energy for output under sunlight and serves as the core component of a solar PV system.
Storage Battery: Stores the electrical energy generated by PV modules. When sunlight is insufficient (e.g., at night) or the load demand exceeds the electricity generated by PV modules, it releases the stored energy to meet the load’s energy needs, acting as the energy storage component of the solar PV system. Currently, lead-acid batteries are commonly used in solar PV systems. For systems with higher requirements, deep-discharge valve-regulated sealed lead-acid batteries and deep-discharge absorbed glass mat (AGM) lead-acid batteries are typically adopted.
Controller: It defines and controls the charging and discharging conditions of the storage battery, and regulates the electrical energy output from PV modules and the battery to the load based on the load’s power demand. It is the core control unit of the entire system. With the development of the solar PV industry, controllers are becoming more functional, and there is a trend of integrating traditional control functions, inverters, and monitoring systems. For example, the SPP and SMD series controllers from AES Inc. integrate all three aforementioned functions.
Inverter: In a solar PV power supply system, if AC loads are included, an inverter is required to convert the DC power generated by PV modules or released by the storage battery into AC power that meets the load’s requirements.

The basic working principle of a solar PV power supply system is as follows: Under sunlight, the electrical energy generated by PV modules is either used to charge the storage battery or directly supply power to the load (when the load demand is satisfied), both under the controller’s regulation. When sunlight is insufficient or at night, the storage battery supplies power to DC loads under the controller’s control. For PV systems with AC loads, an additional inverter is needed to convert DC power to AC power.

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